THE ALMAJIRI CRISIS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: A CRY FOR OUR CHILDREN BY NIGERIAN MOTHERS

*THE ALMAJIRI CRISIS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: A CRY FOR OUR CHILDREN BY

NIGERIAN MOTHERS*

 

AlMajiri Children. Photo Courtesy Newsdiary Online.com

Where is our shame? Where is our collective responsibility? Allah Ya Isa!

In the last month, social media has been awash with multiple scenes, most from Northern Nigeria, of mile-long queues of hungry young children—Almajirai or Almajiri children as they are now referred to; bowls in hand, waiting for food. These images stand in stark contrast with recent images that have also been circulating for the last year in the same region; of displays of opulent lifestyles and exhibition of immeasurable wealth. These contrasts of extreme wealth and extreme poverty pervade our everyday reality across Nigeria. However, it is haunting when the displays of such opulence are in a region that is in the throes of an interminable insurgency; an ongoing humanitarian crisis, the crux of which is some of the worst development indices in the world, with about 80 % of the population living on less than $2 a day.

At one time, Almajiri, the plural of which is Almajirai, meaning learner, was used in Northern Nigeria to refer to “one who searches for knowledge and displays high moral rectitude.” However, Almajiri is not just a Northern Nigeria phenomenon. It is part of the wider Islamic practice of dedication to learning, and of devotion and submission to the will of the Almighty. As such, this system began as a form of education built on strong moral and religious foundations with a strong social component. Parents would relinquish the care of their children at a tender age to become wards of an Islamic teacher and study the Quran under his tutelage. Historically, families were still responsible for the upkeep of their children, however, with the increasing inability of parents to cater for their needs, communities stepped in to provide the children with clothing and food. Many of our homes had a large pot of food every night specifically for the Almajirai. It was a dignified and orderly system; we provided for young pupils as learners, who would one day themselves become Islamic scholars and teachers.

Today, the name Almajiri has become synonymous with seemingly abandoned children roaming the streets of our nation, seeking alms, begging, and sometimes engaging in criminal activity as a result of their basic survival needs not being met. And, Almajiranci – the act of being an Almajiri has become a perpetual situation for the children; evidence of pervasive societal neglect. They signify an abdication of our collective responsibility amidst waste and abuse of resources derived from our commonwealth, which allows the perpetuation of a system that no longer has basis in religion or culture.

The original intention of the Almajiri system of education cannot be faulted. Northern Nigeria is predominantly Muslim, and a Quranic education is a crucial feature of Islam, and was seen as a revered, parallel and analogous system to Western education. The initial failings of the system were akin to the failings of our non-Islamic schools; poor  infrastructure and pedagogy and an abysmal quality of formal education for the teachers resulting in high levels of illiteracy and ignorance. However, in tracing the collapse of the Almajiri system, external historical factors cannot be overlooked. Professor Idris A. AbdulQadir writes on the topic:* “…with the disposal of many Emirs and the defunding of religious schools by the British *[during the colonial era]*, formal control over the Almajiri system was lost. This is certainly the genesis of the predicament of the Almajiri system today.”* The failure of this system became more acute precisely because the institution was built on noble foundations tied to a paternalistic, humane and altruistic society that no longer exists. The schools, no longer maintained by the State, communities and parents, succumbed to the pressures of economic crises, particularly after the lost decades of the 1990s. The increased financial precarity of the post-Structural Adjustment era undermined the capacity of many citizens to maintain levels of hospitality and generosity in accordance with conventional religious and sociocultural expectations. 

Today, distorted governance, combined with a failed feudal system, and a rather clichéd and unfortunate approach to education for the masses continue to uphold an Almajiri system that has come to represent a dehumanising culture and the lack of care for the physical, mental and social wellbeing of our children. This situation is mirrored across the

nation as children are subjected daily to a combination of neglect and abuse, both physical and sexual. It was shocking to discover in September 2019, that 300 men and boys bearing the scars of beatings and chains, some of whom had apparently been sodomised, were rescued from a purported Islamic school building in Kaduna, Kaduna State in  Northwest Nigeria. Two months later, 259 men, women and children were rescued from a similar rehabilitation centre in Ibadan, Oyo State in Southwest Nigeria.

During a recent trip to Borno, driving from the airport to town, visiting IDP camps full of Boko Haram returnees and halfway houses for released Boko Haram detainees, it is clear that the most basic needs of food, shelter and education for our children is not a priority. This is the story from Kano to Zamfara, Katsina to Yola: the streets are teeming with destitute children waiting for random morsels of food, including from those whose wealth is ill-gotten, misappropriated from our collective patrimony. Our children have become down-trodden, destitute, and immiserated. A whole generation is locked into a cycle of poverty, having not a day of formal education; be it Western or Islamic, but are instead turned into beggars on the streets, in front of the very homes of those whose residents should hold their future and their hope in trust. The subjugation of and destitution of a generation of Nigerians is largely what has fuelled Boko Haram and other militant organisations. And as the epicentre of this endless conflict moves from the Northeast to the Northwest, the terrorists continue to kill old men, rape and kidnap women and children indiscriminately, using violence against the weak and vulnerable to terrorise and brutalise communities.

So, we write for two reasons:

1. As Nigerian mothers in protest – The psychological trauma of having our children’s innocence and dignity snatched away at such a young age is unacceptable. We protest the creation of a two-tier system in which certain children are privileged with access to succour, accommodation, education, possibilities of employment, undergirded by their parent’s wealth or position within society. Their lives are juxtaposed to the dire circumstances of others, who by virtue of the circumstances of their birth are forever sentenced to a life on the periphery of society, only able to look in but never partake. Children denied opportunities to self-actualise; they are abused, abandoned and their lives stunted, damned to drift in a haze of hunger and uncertainty.

We cannot hold our heads up while any of our children are being so debased. We as concerned mothers rally, and in the spirit of the courageous women of Nigeria; of Aba and Abeokuta; of Nana Asma’u of Sokoto, daughter of Usman Dan Fodio; renowned scholar, teacher, poet, diplomat and advisor of rulers; with sorrowful defiance, figuratively bare our breasts in protest at this collective shame!

We exhort our government to embark on an aggressive campaign and expose the ills of this institution which no longer has a basis in either logic or modernity. The institution must be radically overhauled. This is the second decade of the 21st century, so, we need to enter crisis mode to address the egregious problems produced by the socioeconomic crisis underway. A sustainable and holistic social rehabilitation and reorientation program is needed to deal with this scourge and its negative impact on our children and our society.

2. A symbol of admonition– We condemn without reservation the unparalleled misuse and abuse of our commonwealth in the face of the dire existential problems that our children are facing. The magnitude of corruption that we continue to see in Nigeria is tragic and must be denounced by all of us. 

So, through this medium we are launching the *Allah Ya Isa Campaign*, so that those of our leaders who do not feel that they need God’s favour, will certainly fear His wrath. This unparalleled poverty and neglect in the midst of such plenty must stop. We are therefore affirming God as the final arbiter of all human situations. And, we ask that from today, every

Nigerian demand accountability for our commonwealth, from our leaders and all those to whom we have given our mandate. We must stand up to them openly and without apprehension or fear, that for every Kobo they steal, misappropriate or misuse, and a Nigerian child is deprived of that meal, that bed, or access to that classroom; *Allah Ya Isa*.

We hope and pray that this letter serves as a clarion call to all Nigerian mothers and to every man, woman and child of conscience. Let today be the beginning of a new dawn for Nigeria’s children of every “tribe and tongue.”

It is time that we wake up to the realisation of the imminent danger that is before us if we do not deliver our children the promise of our sacrosanct Constitution; protection “against any exploitation whatsoever and against moral and material neglect,” in the words of our revered National Anthem; “with love, and strength and faith.”

Signed:

1. Aisha Muhammed- Oyebode – CEO Murtala Muhammed Foundation

2. Fatima Akilu – CEO Neem Foundation

3. Aisha Waziri- Umar – Founder /CEO Inara Foundation

4. Mojúbàolú Olufúnké Okome – Professor of Political Science, African & Women's Studies Brooklyn College, City University of NY

5. Ada Ngozi Maduakoh – Founder/ CEO Lotachi Foundation

6. Modupe Oni – Executive Director Standard Bearers School, Home of the Handsout App

*#AllahYaIsa, **#OlorunADaSeria, #TuoEgwuIweChukwu, #FearTheWrathOfGod*

Burkina Faso Insurgency

The rising attacks in Burkina Faso are very alarming. Better media coverage and response by the international community are needed. There is a striking similarity between the situation unfolding in Burkina Faso, and the humanitarian crises, and the growing insurgency in Northern Nigeria, and other parts of West Africa.  Insurgency and consequent violence can quickly destabilize a country, and displace many of its vulnerable citizens. As insurgent groups rise in Burkina Faso, there are increased village raids, suicide bombings, and violence. Communities are brutalized traumatized and exploited. Majority of the affected population are women and children. If we want to prevent the sexualized violence against women in conflict, an example being the abduction of the Chibok girls; there must be a careful focus on identifying the root causes, patterns, and consequences of these crises. Preemptive efforts must be made for their prevention. 

Since 2015, Burkina Faso has experienced an extreme increase in humanitarian crises due to the growing insurgency. Before 2015 Burkina Faso was able to avoid the violence that affected neighboring countries such as Chad, Niger, and Mali. However, because of militants crossing over into the country, attacks have become more frequent, each time claiming more lives than the last. These insurgents, who are Jihadist Muslim extremists, have used guerilla-style warfare including road-side bombing, and suicide bombing to terrorize the people, especially those in rural communities. Insurgency attacks could also be intensified by local groups that have risen in defense of Islamic extremism.  

In late December 2019, the insurgents attacked a town in northern Burkina Faso, and killed thirty-five citizens. The majority of them were women. They also attacked a Burkina Faso military base.  Burkina Faso’s President described these attacks as barbaric and cowardly. These rising attacks have caused thousands of people in Burkina Faso to flee their villages in order to avoid escalating violence. Many have become internally displaced. 

Less than a week after the December 2019 attack, insurgency groups attacked Burkina Faso by planting a bomb on a road frequented by local residents, resulting in a bus blast that killed at least fourteen people, the majority of them, young students. 

Burkina Faso, a once-peaceful country is now riddled with back-to-back attacks that have claimed the lives of hundreds and has displaced at least half a million people. Even though no groups have taken responsibility for the attacks happening in Burkina Faso, there are three Islamist extremist groups in Burkina Faso and surrounding areas: Ansarul Islam; the Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims; and the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara. 

Growing insecurity and instability have affected Burkina Faso communities. Many of the schools considered “secular” by Muslim extremists were forced to close down due to growing threats. This is similar to the plight of displaced people in Northern Nigeria because they are experiencing the same kinds of violence and instability. Women and girls are often used as tactical and strategic tools during insurgencies. Thus, the women and children of Burkina Faso can easily become targets of insurgent groups, the military, and self-defense groups; just like the Chibok Girls.. The only way to prevent this from furthering internal displacement, exploitation and brutalization in affected communities, and to protect those most vulnerable, is for the Burkina Faso military to have a structured plan for dealing with insurgency groups, and to commit to protecting the people without committing humanitarian violations themselves. Media should cover this crisis as though the lives of people in Burkina Faso and the West and Central African region matter. Human Rights Watch and other similar groups should keep advocating for humanitarian assistance according to the best international practice. The UN should also have a hand in protecting vulnerable populations, peacebuilding, and holding guilty parties accountable. 

Map of Burkina Faso. Source: http://www.geographicguide.com/africa-maps/burkina.htm Accessed January 14, 2020